Coloured Glasses Content

Chapter		page
	FOREWORD BY PROFESSOR W. E. S. TURNER	v
	AUTHOR'S PREFACE	vii
PART I	THE CONSTITUTION OF COLOURED GLASSES
I.	THE ORIGIN OF COLOUR IN INORGANIC SUBSTANCES	3
	Inorganic Chromophores	3
	The Influence of Solvation on Colour	9
	The Influence of Adsorption	12
	The Influence of Temperature on Colour	15

II	THE CONSTITUTION OF GLASS	17
	General Review of the Problem	17
	Ions as the Building Units of Glasses	22
	The Principles Governing the Ionic Structure of Crystals and Glasses	26
	The Atomic Structure of Silica Glass	28
	The Atomic Structure of Binary and Ternary Silicate Glasses	30
	The Atomic Structure of Boric. Oxide‑Containing Glasses	33
	The Atomic Structure of Phosphate Glasses	35
	The Role of Al₂O₃, BeO, ZnO, PbO and TiO₂ in Glasses	36

III	THE CONSTITUTION OF GLASS	44
	The Replacement of Oxygen by other Elements	44
	Sulphur and Selenium as Substitutes for Oxygen	44
	Halogen Ions as Substitutes for Oxygen	46

IV	THE TERMS ACIDITY AND BASICITY IN RELATION TO MODERN THEORY OF STRUCTURE	52

V	THE CLASSIFICATION OF GLASSES ACCORDING TO THEIR CHROMOPHORES	57
	Coloured Glasses with One Colouring Ion	59
	Coloured Glasses with Chromophore Groups Consisting of Two Ions	60
	Coloured Glasses with Chromophore Groups Consisting of Three Ions	62

VI	THE CONSTITUTION OF GLASS AS REVEALED BY COLOUR AND FLUORESCENCE INDICATORS	64
	The Determination of the State of Oxidation of a Glass by the Indicator Method	65
	The Determination of the Acidity and Basicity of a Glass by the Indicator Method	66
	The Determination of the Co‑ordination Number of an Ion	70
	Indicators for the General Electric Perturbation of an Ion	74
	Fluorescence Indicators	80

PART II	THE COLOURS OF GLASSES PRODUCED BY VARIOUS COLOURING IONS
VII	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY IRON	89
	The Influence of the Iron Content on the Technology of a Glass	89
	General Discussion on Absorption, Transmission and Colour	91
	A. The Spectral Absorption of Iron Compounds in Aqueous Solutions and Glasses	91
	B. The Blue Colour in Iron‑containing Glasses	95
	C. Colourless Iron Complexes in Glasses	97
	The Equilibrium between Di‑ and Tri‑valent Iron in Glasses	101
	A. The Influence of Temperature and Time	102
	B. The Influence of the Iron Concentration	103
	C. The Influence of the Composition of the Glass	108
	D. The Influence of Oxidising and Reducing	113

VIII	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY MANGANESE	121
	Introduction	121
	The Nature of the Manganese Colour	121
	Reactions During the Melting of Manganese Glasses	127
	The Melting of Manganese Glasses	129

IX	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY CHROMIUM	132
	Introduction	132
	The Colour of Chromium Compounds	132
	The Nature of the Chromium Colour in Glasses	138
	The Melting of Chromium Glasses	142
	Chromium Pink	144

X	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY VANADIUM	149
	Introduction	149
	The Chemistry of Vanadium Compounds	149
	Vanadium in Glass	151

XI	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY COPPER	154
	Introduction	154
	The Chemistry of Copper	155
	The Colour of Cupric Ions in Solutions and Glasses	156
	The Reduction of Cupric to Cuprous Ions in Aqueous Solutions and Glasses	161
	The Properties of Copper Glasses	163

XII	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY COBALT	168
	Introduction	168
	The Colour of Cobalt in Crystals and Solutions	170
	Cobalt Pigments	176
	Cobalt Glasses	179
	Influence of Temperature on the Colour of Cobalt Glasses	187
	Cobalt Glasses as Pyrosols	188
	The Melting of Cobalt Glasses	190
	Influence of Infra‑Red Absorption on the Melting and Working
	Properties of Glasses	191

XIII	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY NICKEL	197
	Introduction	197
	The Colour of Nickel in Glasses, Crystals and Solution	197

XIV	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY URANIUM	205
	Introduction	205
	The Chemistry of Uranium Compounds	205
	Uranium in Glass	206

XV	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY TITANIUM, TUNGSTEN AND MOLYBDENUM	212
	I. Titanium	212
	II. Tungsten and Molybdenum	216

XV I	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY THE OXIDES OF THE RARE‑EARTHS ELEMENTS	218
	Introduction	218
	The Absorption Spectra of Neodymium and Praseodymium	220
	Glasses Containing Neodymium and Praseodymium	221
	Some Applications of Neodymium Glasses	226
	Cerium‑Containing Glasses	229

PART III	THE COLOURS OF GLASSES PRODUCED BY THE NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS: SULPHUR, SELENIUM, TELLURIUM, PHOSPHORUS AND CERTAIN OF THEIR COMPOUNDS
XVII	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS	237
	Historical Review of the So‑called Carbon‑Amber Glasses	237
	The Constitution and Colour of Polysulphide Glasses	242
	The Melting of Carbon‑Amber (Sulphur) Glasses	252
	The Blue Sulphur Glasses	257
	Glasses Containing the Sulphides of Heavy Metals	260
	Equilibria between Sulphides and Silicates	261
	The Striking of Colour in Sulphide Glasses	265
	The Melting of Sulphide Glasses	268
	Special Sulphide Colours in Glasses	270
	The Melting of Cadmium Sulphide Glasses	274
	Antimony Ruby Glasses	275
	Miscellaneous other Sulphides in Glasses	279

XVIII	GLASSES COLOURED BY SELENIUM AND SELENIDES	282
	Elementary Selenium	282
	The Nature of Selenium. Pink	282
	Reactions during the Melting of Selenium Glasses	287
	The Melting of Selenium Pink Glasses	295
	Conclusions on the Use of Selenium in Glassmaking	301
	Glasses Coloured by Polyselenides	303
	Iron Selenide Glasses	304
	Selenium Ruby Glasses and the Nature of the Colour	308
	The Melting of Selenium Ruby Glasses	313
	Selenium Black Glasses	323

XIX	GLASSES COLOURED BY TELLURIUM AND BY PHOSPHORUS	324
	I. Tellurium	324
	II. Phosphorus	325

PART IV	THE COLOURS PRODUCED BY METAL ATOMS.
XX	FUNDAMENTALS CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METALS AND GLASSES	331
	The Formation of Metal Atoms in Glasses	331
	The Solubility of Metals and the Formation of Pyrosols	333
	The Influence of Some Constituents on the Solubility of Metals in Fused Salts and Glasses	339
	The Role of Tin Oxide in the Formation of Ruby Glasses	343
	The Role of Stannous Chloride in the Formation of Silver Mirrors	348

XXI	THE CRYSTALLISATION OF METALS FROM THE GLASS MELT	352
	The Mobility and Diffusion Speed of Metal Atoms in Glasses.	352
	Nucleus Formation and Crystal Growth	355
	The Theory of Coagulation. von Smoluchowski's Equation	360

XXII	THE ABSORPTION of LIGHT BY METALS	366
	Fundamentals Concerning the Absorption of Light by Metals	366
	The Scattering of Light	369
	The Effect of the Nature of the Dispersed Phase on the Absorption of Light by Colloidal Metals	371
	The Effect of Shape and Internal Structure	375

XXIII	GOLD IN GOLD‑RUBY GLASSES.	380
	Historical Introduction	380
	The Nature of the Ruby Colour	381
	The Melting of Gold‑Ruby Glasses	384
	The Striking of Gold‑Ruby Glasses	388
	The Basic Types of Gold Dispersion in Glasses	391

XXIV	SILVER IN GLASSES.	401
	Introduction	401
	The Chemistry of Silver .Glasses	401
	The Melting of Silver Glasses	406
	The Colour of Silver Glasses	406

XXV	THE SILVER‑STAINING OF GLASSES	409
	Introduction	409
	The Fundamentals of the Staining of Glasses by Cementation	410
	The Effect of the Glass Composition on the Silver Stain	418

XXVI	COPPER IN COPPER‑RUBY GLXSSES (HEMATINONE AND COPPER AVENTURINE)	420
	Introduction	420
	The Nature of the Red Colour Produced by Copper	421
	The Work of P. Ebell	423
	The Melting of Copper‑Ruby Glasses	425
	The Role of the Tin in Copper‑Ruby Glasses	427
	The Role of the Copper in Copper‑Ruby Glasses	428
	The Striking of Copper‑Ruby Glasses	430

XXVII	THE COPPER STAINING OF GLASSES	433

PART V	THE FLUORESCENCE, THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND THE SOLARISATION OF GLASS
XXVIII	THE GENERAL THEORY OF FLUORESCENCE IN GLASSES	439
	Introduction	439
	Pseudo‑Fluorescence	440
	The Fundamentals of Fluorescence	441
	The Excitation Process	444
	The Lifetime of the Excited State	445
	Influence of the Type of Binding of the Atoms	447
	The Quenching of Fluorescence	449
	The Classification of Fluorescent Glasses	452

XXIX	FLUORESCENT GLASSES	453
	Glasses Containing Crystalline Fluorescence Centres	453
	Glasses Containing Energy‑Isolated Atoms or Molecules	458
	Glasses Containing Fluorescent Ions.	465
	The Uses of Fluorescent Glasses	491

XXX	THERMOLUMINESCENCE	495

XXXI	THE SOLARISATION OF GLASSES	497
	Fluorescence and Photosensitivity	497
	The History of Studies on Solarisation	498
	The Explanation of Solarisation	500
	The Control of Solarisation	507
	The Regeneration of Solarised Glasses	508
	The Solarisation Equilibrium	511
	Helpful Models for the Study of Solarisation in Glasses	513

XXXII	PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PHOTOSENSITIVE GLASSES	515

	AUTHOR INDEX	522

	SUBJECT INDEX	529

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